Buy Or Build Decision Support System Example

Essays on Buy Or Build Decision Support System Coursework BUY OR BUILD DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM In the wake of globalization, the cost of managing an organization in regard to products supply and logistics has become central in determining success. This has led to increased research on how to make informed decisions on which method to adopt as far as purchasing and supply chain is concerned. With the emergence of information and communication technology integrated supplier selection system, efficiency is possible and profitability is achievable (Lee, et al. 2006). It is worth to note that selection of the supplier is currently a pertinent decision as regards supply chain management for various industries and particularly processors and manufacturers. The issues to be dealt with therefore revolve around establishing an effective supplier network management. This constitutes supplier selection criteria identification, selection decision on the supplier and supplier progress monitoring.Decision support system involves integration of a supply an d logistic model in which accurate, quick and efficient decisions can be reached. Building a decision support system is both economical and sustainable. Opting to build rather than buy helps the organization in minimizing the risks associated with procurement section in preference to routine outsourcing on order-placing. Grey relational analysis (GRA) model is one of the widely used applications (Lee, et al. 2006). As it seeks to evaluate the supplier, it captures the quality of the product, purchase price, date for delivery, and quantity demanded. The simple steps to make appropriate decision regarding application are as shown below.Set objectivesIdentify alternativesEstimate costsConsider the availability of skilled human capitalCollect data and analyzeCalculate the grey relational gradeDetermine the best supplierThe above highlighted steps will help in building a decision support system that will remain profitable and sustainable by the organization.ReferenceLee, J., Internation al Workshop on Data Engineering Issues in E-Commerce and Services, DEECS. (2006). Data engineering issues in e-commerce and services: Second international workshop, DEECS 2006, San Francisco, CA, USA, June 26, 2006 : proceedings. Berlin [etc.: SpringerLink [host.

Tobacco Free Workplace Does It Reduce Costs And Can It

Tobacco Free Workplace: Does It Reduce Costs and Can It Ultimately Improve an Organization s Overall Well-being? Prepared and Submitted by Lorraine Eastman Professor Donna Trent MN 252S Table of Contents I. Introduction II. Review of Literature III. Research Methodology IV. Findings V. Interpretations VI. References I. Introduction One of the largest fiscal challenges facing an organization today is controlling health care costs. Health care costs cannot be controlled by managing health claims. Health care costs can only be controlled by reducing individual health claims. According to CIGNA, one of the world s largest insurance carriers, the main driver of health care cost increases is health claims and the main driver of health claims is participants modifiable behaviors. CIGNA also maintains that smoking is the largest driver of health claims and smoking behavior is 100% modifiable. Unfortunately, the most effective cost containment strategy has been to pass on more costs to participants through higher premiums and higher fees for services. While this strategy has been somewhat effective in previous years, this strategy has lead to fewer participants being able to afford health care coverage for themselves and their families. Continuing this strategy is unsustainable. All United States employers are facing the same challenges to one degree or another, which led to the passage of national healthShow MoreRelatedWhy Smoking Should Be Banned849 Words   |  4 PagesI will be discussing the topic why smoking should be banned in the workplace (inside and outside). I’ll be covering the loss of productivity in the workplace and the benefits of a smoke free workplace. In my opinion smoking should be banned in the workplace because the productivity is what makes a business and the benefits are a healthier and safer environment producing a better corporate image. Productivity in the workplace for a smoker to a nonsmoker is very different. Firstly i’ll be writingRead MoreBan of Public Smoking Essay1272 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause it would reduce the risk of health problems to non-smokers, reduce the number of smokers all together, and reduce the amount of valuable money tax payers spend on smoking related expenses. Tobacco has been labeled a carcinogen by the CDC, WHO, and the IARC. The hazardous byproducts from one smoked cigarette can elevate the toxin levels in a room for hours (National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet). According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, smoking reduces blood circulationRead MoreSocial Issues Related to Smoking and Alcohol Consumption Essay1265 Words   |  6 Pages There are many social consequences such as traffic accidents, workplace-related problems, family and domestic problems, and interpersonal violence. 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Final pathological diagnosis free essay sample

On sectioning through the tissue it is compraise primarly of soft yellow adipose tissue with scant intervining fiborus tissue. Well distinct mass is seen. The area and question is entirly submitted into cassates A1 through A8. MICROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION: 8 plus slides label A1 through A8 are examined. Sections displayed occasional cystics spaces lined by a single layer of flattened two cuboidal shape mucinous cells showing no significant cytologic atypia. Rare foci of mild ductal epithelial hyperplasia are also present. A few microcalcifications deposits are seen association with the B-9 memory glands. No atypical hyperplasia carcinoma in situ or invasive melignancy is identified. FINAL PATHOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS: Right breast biopsy with needle localization No evidence of melignancy. B-9 mucinous cycts. Focal ductal epithelial hyperplasia. No atypia. Microcalcifications. Pathology Report Patient Name: Ursula Emma Wagner Patient ID: 004654 Page 2 The CPT code is 88305.

Accessorial Liability of Board Members †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Accessorial Liability of Board Members. Answer: Introduction: The purpose of this report is to provide a brief synopsis of the Fair Work Ombudsman system on the employment relationship in Australia. The Fair Work Ombudsman (FWO) promotes cooperative, harmonious and productive workplace. It is an independent and statutory agency of the Australian Government (Stewart Owens, 2013). This independent agency helps the employer, employees and other people or the units related to the organization to understand and comply with the workplace law of Australia. The following paper discusses the launch of the 7 Eleven Inquiry by the FWO in Australia. The paper presents an overview of the purpose and function of the 7 Eleven Inquiry in the Australian workplace and the major findings out of the inquiry. While discussing the launch of the inquiry organization, the report also presents the drawbacks of the Australian Employment Relationship system that, the 7 Eleven Inquiry finds out regarding the role of the state and the role of the unions in terms of the or ganizational workplace (Grabosky, 2013). The Employment Relationship (ER) system defines the relationship between the employer and the employee in the organization in terms of the workplace ethics and laws (Sparrow Cooper, 2012). Moreover, it is the basic function of the state and the union to monitor and execute the Fair Work Act in the workplace (Macdonald Charlesworth, 2013). The prime focal point of the following paper is the 7Eleven network stores around Australia. The paper reflects the flaws in the ER system of Australia and the importance of the 7 Eleven Inquiry in order to find out those flaws within the organization. In addition, the paper also presents the implications of the 7 Eleven Inquiry and other inquiries in the for the regulation of the Australian ER system. The function of the Fair Work Ombudsmen is to ensure the safety and fair right of the employee in the employment contract with the franchisees (Stewart et al., 2014). The purpose of conducting the 7 Eleven Inquiry by the FWO is to identify the allegations of underpaying wages false employment records in all the franchisee network of the 7 Eleven Australia Pty Ltd (Ombudsman, 2016). The allegations came from various sources that the employees were not paid proper wages according to their job role and responsibilities. The allegations also include that there were many falsification of the employment across the franchisee companies of the 7 Eleven Inquiry. To enquire the truthfulness of the allegation and find out the reasons for the wrong and unjustified treatment of the employees in the organization, the FWO launched the 7 Eleven Inquiry Australia (Fraser, 2016). The Major Findings from the Inquiry: The inquiry of the FWO found out the some serious issues and instance of non-compliance in the franchisee organizations (7-eleven-inquiry-report., 2017). These major findings are: The 7 Eleven inquiry found out that there are many organizations that do not follow the Fair work Act of 2009, that ensures the employees health, wages, weekly work hours and other employments benefits. The inquiry found out the manipulations in the organization for disguising the underpayments of the employees (Thornthwaite, 2017). The allegation regarding the falsification of the employment records are found to be true by the inquiry. The findings show that there are many employees in the franchisees who are afraid to speak up about their problems regarding the underpayments. It was found that the franchisees forces the employees to cash back from their wages. To ensure the cash back the franchisees took the employees to the ATM and forced them to pay certain portion of withdrawal money. The franchisees did not follow and maintain the labor law and did not provide the necessary benefits to the employees. The franchisees were also involved into the unfair dismissal of the employees. Gaps in Australian ER System: There were some serious gaps in the Australian Employment Relationship (ER) system that the 7 Eleven Inquiry raised to identify those gaps. The gaps were the result of the negligence of the state in intervening the employment relationship in order to ensure the achievement of social and economic objectives for the entire nation (Alter, 2013). The role of the union is equally vital for the employment relationship system in terms of securing the wages, health and safety of the employees, working conditions of the employees and the welfare of the people in employment (Pekarek Gahan, 2016). Bothe the state and the union are responsible for ensuring and maintaining employment policies and the laws regarding the wellbeing of the employees. However, the state as well as the union failed miserably in meeting their primary task and as the result, the employees of the franchisees had to suffer. Apart from the management of the organization, it was the duty and responsibilities of the state an d the union to maintain a healthy employment relationship with the employees (Hardy, 2016). The following section covers the gaps in the employment relationship system in the franchisees of 7 Eleven Inquiry in Australia. The inquiry investigates in 20 stores and found out the gaps in the ER system (Wright, 2016). Brief overviews of some case studies are presented to provide the evidence based arguments on the findings (7-eleven-inquiry-report., 2017). In most of the stores, the inquiry found insignificant and inaccurate records for disguising the underpayments of the employees. It is found in the most of the stores that the employees were forced to work for additional hours and they were not paid accordingly to the work hours (7-eleven-inquiry-report., 2017). It was clear and evident that the Fair Work Act (2009) was not followed properly in the organizations (Macdonald Charlesworth, 2013). This is definitely the gap in the employment relationship system that both the state and the union can be considered responsible for not monitoring the process. In this regard, a case study is presented to clearly depict the actual situation and provide the evidence of the argument. On visiting few stores by the inquiry inspector, he found out that the records are not accurate as per the real working hours by the employees. In addition, were underpaid (Briton, 2015). The following numeric tables provide the data on the working hours and the underpayments (7-eleven-inquiry-report., 2017). Reality Records Rate of Pay $15 $23.15 Hours of Work 20 hours 12.96 hours Gross Pay $300 $300.02 Table 1: Example of disguised payroll hours Reality Records Base Rate of Pay $15 $22.77 Penalty Rate of Pay $15 $27.09 Hours of Work 34 hours 12.88 hours at base rate 8 hours at penalty rate Gross Pay $510 $510 Table 2: Example of Increasing Penalty Rate Employee Participation: Another gaps that was found during the inquiry of the 7 Eleven, was the lack of employee participation for the interview. The employees were found to be scared to speak up about their problems of underpayments (Briton, 2015). It is the primary duty of the union to assure the employees to speak up about their problems. Hence, it is indeed the drawbacks of the union for being incapable of providing proper security and comfort to the employees to share their problems in the workplace. This defines the gaps in the employment relationship system. The case study regarding this matter shows that some of the employees changes their statements during the inquiry (Terry-Armstrong, 2016). For example, one employee when was asked initially stated that he works for 8 hours a day and that he was paid $35 per hour, whereas another two employees said they were paid $18 and $14 per hour respectively for the same working hours (7-eleven-inquiry-report., 2017). This diverse statement clearly shows the evidence of the gaps within the employment relationship and that the employees are afraid to share their problems. Apart from these two major drawbacks, other gaps are found among the various evidence in the franchisee stores. The evidence of the drawbacks are given in the table below: Evidence Details Cash Payments records The cash payments records of the employees were found misprinted. The misprints were done intentionally to disguise and hide the actual data to show the cause for the underpayments (Thornthwaite, 2017). Misuse of the Work Ethics and regulations The misuse of the work employment ethics and the regulations had been seen by the inquiry. By misusing the employment ethics and regulations the employees were mislead and forces to draw underpayments. CCTV Footage Though CCTV footage were not available in every stores, it has been used as the good and proper evidence for presenting the happenings in the stores. The footage showed the instances of the actual working hours of the employees and the payments process, though not clear, but was adequate for using as the evidence. Register of the Employee log-ins Every franchisee is meant to have a register for the employees record their actual work timing. The store must have unique employee code for each employee. However, it was found that many stores did not have a particular log-in register and unique employee code. Moreover, the stores having the register found showing reluctance in changing the register according to the change of the time shift. Communication The inquiry shows that there is the lack of communication between the employee union and the employees. Inadequate communication had made the employees uncomfortable in sharing their problems and they also made the union unaware of the underpayments of the employees (Lu, Samaratunge Hrtel, 2012). All the evidence above shows the gaps in the employment relationship in terms of performing the responsibilities of the state and the union (Wright, 2016). The major gaps that are evident from the inquiry are the lack of proper communication with the employees and the monitoring of the union as well as the state on the process of the payments and the work regulations. 7 Eleven Inquiry Implications for Australian ER Regulation: From the major findings of the 7 Eleven Inquiry the non compliances are evident in the 7 Eleven network franchisee stores. In addition, numerous changes are required for reducing the opportunities to underpay the employees. The investigation by the 7 Eleven Inquiry implies that the labor laws in the workplace needs major reform (Sivaraman Turner, 2016). To ensure the compliances in the stores, there are some implications for the ER regulations in Australia. The recommendations are collected from various journals, newspaper and academic articles and the reports on the 7 Eleven Inquiry. The recommendations target the 7 Eleven, the FWO and the other regulatory frameworks. The frameworks provide the remedies and opportunities to the non-compliances happening within the workplace with the employees in the franchisee stores (Employment Law Matters., 2017). The recommendations are: Promoting sustainable culture to comply with the ER system across 7 Eleven network. Enhancing the effectiveness of the FWO for bringing into account the persons and entities responsible for the exploitations of the vulnerable workers, working on the temporary working visas. Requiring the franchisees to comply with the requirements of the payroll service. Arranging biometric attendance in order to maintain proper and accurate records of the working hours of the employees. Requiring the franchisees to maintain their own record of proper and actual working hours. Reviewing franchise arrangements, specifically around the control level. Rearranging the structure of the governance for reducing the opportunities for the conservations of the workplace laws (MacCallum, 2016). Requiring the structural change in order to ensure the compliances around the workplace (Regan, 2016). Considering the franchisee agreement regarding the termination of the same. Making awareness of the powers and roles of the ER regulations including FWO and other employment related issues such as health and safety. Weekly regular visit of the union in the franchisees to ensure the smooth and proper workflow. Conducting awareness programs in a monthly basis to make sure all the employees know about their work ethics, and work right. Detailed Recommendations: The following portion of the report suggests the detailed recommendations of the 7 Eleven Inquiry for the ER system as well the 7 Eleven stores across Australia. Entering into the compliance partnership with FWO, whereas the 7 Eleven Inquiry will publicly accept its ethical and moral responsibilities in regard to the standards of conduct to comply with all the individuals involved in the enterprise, that: Abiding by the law in relation to all the employees in all the stores Meeting the Australian social and community expectations for providing equal, safe and fair work opportunities for all the employees in every store. The terms of compliance partnership needs to include the form of the Proactive Compliance Deed, in order to receive the sustainable compliances. These terms are: Taking important steps to develop the employment practice in the franchisee stores by the implementation of sustainable, permanganate and fundamental changes in the franchisee model for ensuring the laws in terms of the workplace relations. This also includes te instruments in the Fair Work Act 2009 and other related instruments, that are entirely abided by for all the employees in the franchisee stores of the 7 Eleven network. Acknowledging the administrative process and the franchisee model that includes the requirements of the internal audits and the payroll system. The system must have instances that contribute to the environment of the vulnerable employees to exploitation inclusive of the way of underpayments. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the above discourse that the 7 Eleven Inquiry was initiated for identifying the gaps and the drawbacks in the Employment Relationship system in Australia. The Inquiry was conducted across the 7 Eleven network franchisees in Australia. The result of the inquiry showed that there is some major non-compliance in the ER system within the franchisees. The gap shows the negligence and irresponsibility of the state as well as the union of the employees. The major issues that emerge from the inquiry findings are the forceful employment for the additional work hours. The inquiry also focuses on the issue of underpayments and the falsification of the records regarding the extra working hours and the underpayments. The report presents the evidence on the findings of the inquiry from various sources such as newspaper, academic journals and reports based on the 7 Eleven Inquiry. The report further points out the major drawbacks in the ER system that required the inquiry o f the 7 Eleven in its franchisee network. The report also discusses the implications for the ER system by the 7 Eleven Inquiry to reduce and eliminate the potential opportunities for the conservations of th underpayments and the falsification of the data. The recommendation suggests some minor and major changes in the structure of the franchisees and the proper implementation of the FWO within the same. However, it is evident from the report that the state and the union play vital role in maintaining the proper ER system and it is also the right and duty of the employees to share their problems with the higher authority to avail the rights of employment. Reference: 7-eleven-inquiry-report. (2017). Retrieved 30 August 2017, from https://7-eleven-inquiry-report.pdf Alter, S. (2013). Work system theory: overview of core concepts, extensions, and challenges for the future.Journal of the Association for Information Systems,14(2), 72. Briton, B. (2015). 7-Eleven scandal: The tip of a low-wage iceberg.Guardian (Sydney), (1705), 1. Fraser, M. (2016). Investigating 7-Eleven: Who are the real bad guys?.Griffith Journal of Law Human Dignity,4(2). Grabosky, P. (2013). Beyond Responsive Regulation: The expanding role of non?state actors in the regulatory process.Regulation Governance,7(1), 114-123. Hardy, T. (2016). Who Should Be Held Liable for Workplace Contraventions and on What Basis?.Australian Journal of Labour Law,29(1), 78-109. Lu, Y., Samaratunge, R., Hrtel, C. E. (2012). The relationship between acculturation strategy and job satisfaction for professional Chinese immigrants in the Australian workplace.International Journal of Intercultural Relations,36(5), 669-681. MacCallum, W. (2016). Accessorial liability of board members.Governance Directions,68(3), 164. Macdonald, F., Charlesworth, S. (2013). Equal pay under the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth): mainstreamed or marginalised.UNSWLJ,36, 563. Ombudsman, F. W. (2016). A report of the Fair Work Ombudsmans inquiry into 7-Eleven.Canberra: Commonwealth of Australian. Pekarek, A., Gahan, P. (2016). Unions and collective bargaining in Australia in 2015.Journal of Industrial Relations,58(3), 356-371. Regan, L. (2016). Time for change at 7-Eleven.Proctor, The,36(5), 36. Sivaraman, G., Turner, P. (2016). The 7-Eleven wages scandal: The need for law reform.Precedent (Sydney, NSW), (135), 53. Sparrow, P., Cooper, C. L. (2012).The employment relationship: Key challenges for HR. Routledge. Stewart, A. J., Bray, M., Macneil, J., Oxenbridge, S. (2014). 'Promoting cooperative and productive workplace relations': exploring the Fair Work Commission's new role. Stewart, A., Owens, R. J. (2013).Experience Or Exploitation?: The Nature, Prevalence and Regulation of Unpaid Work Experience, Internships and Trial Periods in Australia. Adelaide: University of Adelaide. Terry-Armstrong, N. (2016). 7-Eleven: A case study of a flawed franchise model.Busidate,24(2), 8. Thornthwaite, L. (2017). Australia's wage theft crisis.Advocate: Newsletter of the National Tertiary Education Union,24(1), 28. What can we learn from the Inquiry of 7-Elevens approach to workplace matters? - Employment Law Matters. (2017).Employment Law Matters. Retrieved 30 August 2017, from https://employmentlawmatters.com/dismissals/can-learn-inquiry-7-elevens-approach-workplace-matters/#.Waa5ccgjHIX Wright, C. F. (2016). Australian industrial relations in 2015.Journal of Industrial Relations,58(3), 297-307.

Vikas Sheoran Essays - Holocene, Geological History Of Earth

Vikas Sheoran History B.A Programme (1392) 20 th September 2017 Pa ttern of living in India in Mesolithic and Neolithic Age The names for these periods all derive from the Greek word "lithos" - a stone - and refer to the material used for tools. Effective ways of producing and working metal had not yet been invented, so cutting, grinding, chopping all had to be done with stone, bone, or wood implements. "Meso-" means "middle" or "between", "Neo-" means "new". Originally these were all thought of together as the "Stone Age", but it became apparent that there were various developments during the periods which enable archaeologists to classify and date a culture more precisely. THE MESOLITHIC PERIOD The Mesolithic period , roughly dated 10,000BC to between 6,000 and 4,000BC. Towards the end of the Palaeolithic, the earth's climate gradually became warmer, the Ice Ages ended, glaciers retreated and melted, and some of the cold-weather animals such as the woolly mammoth died out. The evidences of Mesolithic stage' in India are quantitatively and qualitatively richer than the preceding stage of Stone Age, the Paleolithic Age. In certain areas, these industries have survived at least dawn to early historic times showing a transition from Paleolithic industries to a more advanced type of industries. The oldest human skeletal remains yet known from India came from the Mesolithic level. But, is really a matter of great disgrace that no plant remain has yet been found from any Mesolithic site. A number of living sites of this age that have been discovered mainly from Western and Central India provide us with variety of data regarding the way of the life of the communities. The Mesolithic was a transition period. Climates were shifting, food sources as well. The Pleistocene mega fauna, vast and ready supplies of protein afoot that fed humans on their eventual path to every corner of the earth were on their way to extinction, and human societies were forced to deal with these changing circumstanc es upon which they relied. Meanwhile, technology started to evolve and adapt to these new conditions and life ways. It may be argued that the first animal husbandry was developed during the Mesolithic (or maybe this marked the beginning of the Neolithic). With more humans living more densely than ever before in history (in certain areas), things such as trade and trade routes were able to increase greatly. The exchange of technology and culture was thus more readily transferred. More settled life facilitated more elaborate material culture. The Mesolithic sites in distribution cover almost the entire country except a few areas like Indo- gangetic plain, Assam and most of the Western coast of India. In Indo-gangetic plain, their absence can be explained by the lack of primary raw material (stones) for making tools. Assam and Western coast were probably left uninhabited due to very high rainfall and dense vegetation in this area. The regions like Gujarat plains, Marwar, Mewar etc. show dense concentrations of sites in contrast to other areas. The vast tract of country between Godavari and Mahanadi has just started to be explored. Men developed tools and weapons made of "microliths" - small chips and flakes of sharp stone or flint which could be set into a piece of wood or bone to give a cutting implement, or which could be used as arrow points. Primitive man used tools and implements of rough stone. Flint was commonly used as it is hard but flakes easily. Tools serve a variety of purposes such as skinning of dead animals, cutting their flesh and splitting bones etc. Man during this period was essentially a food gatherer. He was totally dependent on nature for his food supply; requirement of game animals and edible plants. In course of time he learnt to control fire which helped improve the pattern of living in many ways. He used the skins of animals, barks of trees and large leaves as clothes. Men were organized in small wandering groups consisting of few men, women and children. Changes in Life in Mesolithic Era DOMESTICATION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS The economy of early period of Mesolithic age was based on hunting, fishing and food gathering. Slowly domesticating crops

Sample Essay on Extraterrestrial Life

Sample Essay on Extraterrestrial LifeWriting a sample essay on extraterrestrial life can be easy to do, but it does take time. It should be an essay that has some wit and depth to it, something that would make it worth reading for a person who has never taken a look at it before. Another thing to look out for is how well the essay flows well. That will really help you be able to write an essay that is convincing.An essay like this can not be too long or too short, because it is meant to be read as if you were someone who does not have any idea about what is going on. It also cannot be too scientific or too amateur. If you are really into a subject like science, then you should consider writing an essay on that topic.The first thing to think about when writing an essay on extraterrestrial life is the topic itself. Does the essay center around the idea of an extraterrestrial civilization, or is it something more general? This would depend on the topic of the essay.If the topic is very much scientific, then you might want to consider talking about something like the development of life on earth and how that was possible. On the other hand, if the topic is more purely conceptual, then you might want to consider writing an essay on something like life on a planet in the universe.When you write your essay, you should think about how long it would take you to write it, so you don't end up cutting things out. As mentioned earlier, this is something that you should put a lot of thought into. That will help you understand the way you should write your essay, because it should be something that fits you.Sample essays on extraterrestrial life should be read carefully, because they can help you work out what you are good at and what you are not so good at. It will also give you a better idea of what is important in the field. You can always re-write the essay later if you find something you would have liked to include. But when you first start, you might want to stick to th e basics.Having a sample essay on extraterrestrial life is something that should not be forgotten. You will come across many writing assignments and even college classes that have them. A good one will get you a lot of success in school and it will help you in the future when you have to write on a wider range of subjects.

Definition and Examples of Spelling in English

Definition and Examples of Spelling in English In written language, spelling is the choice and arrangement of letters that form words. English spelling, says R.L. Trask, is notoriously complex, irregular, and eccentric, more so than in almost any other written language (Mind the Gaffe!, 2006). Pronunciation: SPEL-ing Also Known As: orthography Etymology: From Middle English, reading letter by letter Examples and Observations [S]pelling is not a reliable index of intelligence...Many intelligent people struggle with English spelling, while others will find it comparatively easy to master. Learning to spell correctly requires remembering numerous unusual and peculiar spelling forms. Some people are just better at this form of rote learning than others... One of the reasons why English spelling is so unpredictable is because its vocabulary consists of many words derived from other languages, which have been adopted with their original spellings intact. Understanding the origins of these words and the languages they have come from will help help with spelling them. (Simon Horobin, Does Spelling Matter? Oxford University Press, 2013) A Mutt of a Language That English is such a mutt of a language only served to make the resulting spellings that much harder. Old English had already been borrowing from, and interbreeding with, Dutch and Latin before the Norman invasion. The arrival of Norman French opened the floodgates for more linguistic mixing and orthographic variability. (David Wolman, Righting the Mother Tongue: From Olde English to Email, the Tangled Story of English Spelling. Harper, 2010) Spellings and Respellings in Early Modern English The high status accorded to the classical  tongues in the Early Modern period meant that Latin and Greek words were adopted with their spellings intact- so we find Greek phi spelled with a ph rather than an f in philosophy and physics.  A reverence for Latinate spellings  prompted the respelling of a number of words previously borrowed into English directly from French, whose origins lay in Latin. A silent b was added to debt and doubt to align them with the Latin debitum and dubitarer; a silent c was inserted into scissors (Latin scissor); l was introduced into salmon (Latin salmo), and a silent p into receipt (Latin receptum). In most cases these silent letters drove spelling and pronunciation further apart, though in some instances, like perfect and adventure (Middle English parfait and aventure), the inserted letter is now sounded. (Simon Horobin,  How English Became English. Oxford University Press, 2016) A Spelling Challenge (Canadian Edition) [I]t remains unlikely that most of us could spell the following sentence correctly on the first attempt, without a computerized word-check, and without reading it over first: We should accommodate the possibility of unparalleled embarrassment occurring in an eccentric physicist who endeavours, though harassed by diarrhoea, to gauge the symmetry of a horse caught gambolling in ecstasy within the precincts of a cemetery wall. (Margaret Visser, The Way We Are. HarperCollins, 1994) Standardization of English Spelling For most of the history of the language, English speakers took a lackadaisical approach to spelling; the notion that a word should always be spelled the same way is a much more recent invention than the language itself. The standardization of English spelling began in the 16th century, and although it is unclear at exactly what point our spelling became set, what is certain is that ever since it happened, people have complained that the rules of spelling, such as they are, just don’t make sense. (Ammon Shea, The Keypad Solution. The New York Times Magazine, Jan. 22, 2010) American Spelling and British Spelling George Bernard Shaw once defined the British and Americans as two peoples separated by a common language. Not just in accent and vocabulary but in spelling, too, this is true. Like the spelling of honor versus honour and defense versus defence, the use of one L versus two in certain positions in words is a sure sign of American English. Classic examples include American traveled, jewelry, counselor, and woolen versus British and Commonwealth travelled, jewellery, counsellor, and woollen. Yet American spelling may sometimes take two Ls, not only in obvious cases like hall but in controlled, impelled, (from control and impel) and elsewhere. Most of our specifically American spelling rules come from Noah Webster, the Connecticut-born educator and lexicographer whose magnum opus was his 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language. (David Sacks, Language Visible. Broadway, 2003) Reading and Spelling There is no necessary link...between reading and spelling: there are many people who have no difficulty in reading, but who have a major persistent handicap in spelling- this may be as many as 2% of the population. There seems moreover to be a neuro-anatomical basis for the distinction, for there are brain-damaged adults who can read but not spell, and vice versa. (David Crystal, How Language Works. Overlook, 2006) Belloc on the Worship of Spelling What fun our posterity will have with our ridiculous worship of spelling! It has not lasted very long. There has not really been such a thing as spelling for much more than two hundred years in English, and there was no religion of it till perhaps a hundred years ago... Our fathers cared so little for the ridiculous things that they did not even spell their own names the same way throughout their lives, and as for common words they seem to have had an instinct which I cannot but applaud for ennobling them with repetitions of letters and flourishes, with the pretty trick of using a y for an i and doubling consonants. In general they were all for festooning and decorating, which is a very honest and noble taste. When they said of a man I esteam hym ne moore than a pygge one knows what they meant and one feels their contempt vibrating. Put into the present stereotyped form it would far less affect, or effect, us. (Hilaire Belloc, On Spelling. New Statesman, June 28, 1930) The Lighter Side of Spelling A very pretty speech- s-p-e-e-c-h, sneered the bee. Now why dont you go away? I was just advising the lad of the importance of proper spelling.BAH! said the bug, putting an arm around Milo. As soon as you learn to spell one word, they ask you to spell another. You can never catch up- so why bother? Take my advice, my boy, and forget about it. As my great-great-great-grandfather George Washington Humbug used to say- You, sir, shouted the bee very excitedly, are an impostor- i-m-p-o-s-t-o-r- who cant even spell his own name.A slavish concern for the composition of words is the sign of a bankrupt intellect, roared the Humbug, waving his cane furiously.(Norton Juster, The Phantom Tollbooth. Random House, 1961)Somebody who’s working for the city should learn how to S-P-E-L-L.A slew of officials have failed to report a humiliating spelling error- SHCOOL X-NG- plastered on Stanton Street outside a Lower East Side high school for months.(Jennifer Bain and Jeane Macintosh, In for a Bad Spell. New York Post, Jan. 24, 2012)